2012

June 1, 2013

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review in order to identify the risk factors for cerebral palsy in children born at term.

June 1, 2013

Recent research suggests that fetal exposure to increased maternal body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy may be associated with psychopathology later in life. These data suggest that fetal exposure to increased maternal BMI is associated with elevated levels of behavior problems as early as age 2, and that this may be linked to the intrauterine environment.

April 1, 2013

Uncertainty remains over whether or not high intakes of retinol or vitamin A consumed through food or supplements may increase fracture risk. This intervention study found no increase in fracture risk among 2,322 adults who took a controlled, high-dose retinol supplement (25,000 IU retinyl palmitate/day) for as long as 16 years. There was some evidence that beta-carotene supplementation decreased fracture risk in men.

February 15, 2013

Parental occupational exposure to engine exhausts and childhood brain tumors 2012.

December 21, 2012

December 21, 2012

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) are the most important bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media (OM). Previous studies have suggested that early upper respiratory tract (URT) bacterial carriage may increase risk of subsequent OM. We investigated associations between early onset of URT bacterial carriage and subsequent diagnosis of OM in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children living in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region located in a semi-arid zone of Western Australia.

December 15, 2012

Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health.

December 15, 2012

The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time.

December 15, 2012

Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis.

December 15, 2012

Reliable and timely information on the leading causes of death in populations, and how these are changing, is a crucial input into health policy debates. In the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), we aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs); 1separately by age and sex.

December 13, 2012

The objective of this study was to examine the factors that impact on breastfeeding duration among Western Australia Aboriginal children. We hypothesised that Aboriginal children living in remote locations in Western Australia were breastfed for longer than those living in metroppolitan locations.

December 1, 2012

The aim of this study wa to measure activity, participation and QoL in children with CP and to determine how these differ from a comparable group of typically developing (TD) children.

December 1, 2012

Streptococcus pyogenes is commonly believed to be resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), resulting in reservations about using SXT for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) where S. pyogenes is involved. S. pyogenes' in vitro susceptibility to SXT depends on the medium's thymidine content.

December 1, 2012

Despite the need for effective vancomycin therapy, there are few data guiding vancomycin monitoring in children. We reviewed retrospectively vancomycin use in children 1 month to 12 years of age. Initial and adjusted target trough vancomycin concentrations in serum were infrequently achieved regardless of the dosing schedule. Currently recommended trough concentrations need to be re-examined with a more detailed pharmacokinetic study in children.

December 1, 2012

This study was the first to concurrently identify middle ear pathogens in both bacterial biofilm and intracellularly in the middle ear mucosa of children and to identify extensive DNA stranding in the MEF from children with AOM

December 1, 2012

This research aimed to (i) validate a new measure of mood intolerance, the Tolerance of Mood States (TOMS) scale, and (ii) to examine associations between TOMS scores and eating pathology.

December 1, 2012

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for approximately 80% of the acute leukemia (AL) overall cases per year in France. We report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted on the ALL cases from the ESCALE study and generic controls.

December 1, 2012

We evaluated baseline data from the PApilloma TRIal against Cancer In young Adults (PATRICIA; NCT00122681) on the association between behavioral risk factors and HPV infection and cervical abnormalities.

December 1, 2012

Human genetic research promises to deliver a range of health benefits to the population. Here we consider how the different levels of Indigenous research governance operating in Australia impacted on the research project and discuss whether specific guidelines for the conduct of genetic research in Aborigenal and Torres Strait Islander communities are warrented.

December 1, 2012

We systematically reviewed the published evidence for the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis among aboriginal populations from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA.

December 1, 2012

The current prevalence of mental health problems in Western populations is approximately 20% and half of all adult mental health disorders are estimated to originate in adolescence.

December 1, 2012

In a previous study, we detected a 6p25-p24 region linked to schizophrenia in families with high composite cognitive deficit (CD) scores, a quantitative trait integrating multiple cognitive measures.

December 1, 2012

The MECP2 mutations occurring in the severe neurological disorder Rett syndrome are predominantly de novo, with rare familial cases. The aims of this study were to provide a precise estimate of the parental origin of MECP2 mutations using a large Chinese sample and to assess whether parental origin varied by mutation type.

November 27, 2012

In Australia, rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is almost exclusively restricted to Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander people with children being at highest risk. International criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of RHD have been developed but the significance of minor heart valve abnormalities which do not reach these criteria remains unclear. The Rheumatic Fever Follow-Up Study (RhFFUS) aims to clarify this question in children and adolescents at high risk of RHD.

November 22, 2012

Dairy nutrients, such as calcium, are particularly important in adolescence, a critical time for growth and development. There are limited Australian data following individuals through adolescence, evaluating changes in dairy nutrient and dairy product consumption.

November 19, 2012

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight is immunomodulatory and the main source of vitamin D for humans. Vitamin D can also regulate adaptive immunity, through mechanisms that involve the induction or activation of regulatory T cells. Similar mechanisms have also been proposed for the induction of regulatory T cells after skin exposure to UVR.

November 14, 2012

Antioxidant intakes in pregnancy may influence fetal immune programming and the risk of allergic disease. We investigated associations between maternal intakes of β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, copper and zinc, and infant allergic outcomes.

November 11, 2012

To gain further insight into the genetic architecture of psoriasis, we conducted a meta-analysis of 3 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and 2 independent data sets genotyped on the Immunochip, including 10,588 cases and 22,806 controls.

November 8, 2012

The constant-phase model (CPM) is commonly fit to respiratory system input impedance (Z rs) to estimate lung mechanics. To illustrate the effects of different CPM fits to Z rs data using a mouse model of influenza-induced lung disease.

November 7, 2012

The Australian baby bonus maternity payment introduced in 2004 has been reported to have successfully increased fertility rates in Australia. We aimed to investigate the influence of the baby bonus on maternal demographics and birth characteristics in Western Australia (WA).

November 5, 2012

Nuclear protein in testis (NUT)-midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare, aggressive disease typically presenting with a single t(15;19) translocation that results in the generation of a bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4)-NUT fusion. This study contributes to our understanding of the genetic diversity of NMC, an important step towards finding therapeutic targets for a disease that is refractory to current treatment

November 1, 2012

One explanation for the high burden of allergic and autoimmune diseases in industrialized countries is inappropriate immune development under modern environmental conditions. There is increasing evidence that the process of immune deviation already begins in utero, but the underlying immunologic mechanisms are not clear.

November 1, 2012

Fetal growth restriction has been inconsistently associated with maternal exposure to elevated levels of traffic-related air pollution. We investigated the relationship between an individualised measure of fetal growth and maternal exposure to a specific marker for traffic-related air pollution.

November 1, 2012

The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that short duration sprinting increases blood glucose levels via a disproportionate increase in glucose rate of appearance (Ra) relative to glucose rate of disappearance (Rd)

November 1, 2012

The aim was to evaluate the incidence, sex distribution, ethnicity, age at diagnosis, clinical presentation and morbidity of all childhood-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) cases in Western Australia (WA) between 1990 and 2010, a state where newborn screening for CAH is not in place

November 1, 2012

A key milestone in progress towards providing an efficacious and safe closed-loop artificial pancreas system for outpatient use is the development of fully automated, portable devices with fault detection capabilities to ensure patient safety.

November 1, 2012

objective was to examine the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Western Australia from 1985-2010.

November 1, 2012

Most policies and guidelines recommend that women abstain from alcohol during pregnancy. This can be difficult to achieve in developed nations where the majority of women consume alcohol and almost half of pregnancies are unplanned, leading to many pregnancies being exposed to alcohol prior to pregnancy awareness.

November 1, 2012

Interest in a possible protective effect of maternal vitamin use before or during pregnancy against childhood brain tumors (CBT) and other childhood cancers has grown over the past decade. Our Australian study of CBTs, conducted between 2005 and 2011, investigated whether maternal use folic acid and other supplements was protective.

November 1, 2012

Undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in the community makes comparisons of OSA subjects with control samples from the general population problematic. This study aims to estimate undiagnosed moderate to severe OSA in a general population sample and to determine the capacity of questions from the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) to identify subjects without diagnosed OSA of this severity.

October 30, 2012

The current study sought to determine whether testosterone concentrations in umbilical cord blood are associated with a clinical diagnosis of ASD in a small number of children and with autistic-like traits in the general population.

October 30, 2012

Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) can be used to investigate links between early life environment, epigenetics and disease. However, such studies raise the question of which came first: the mark or the malady? A recent study has demonstrated that EWAS can be performed on neonatal 'Guthrie' heel-prick blood spots. As Guthrie cards are collected from all newborn infants and stored indefinitely in many countries, they represent an important timepoint to compare with later disease-associated epigenetic marks.

October 25, 2012

To evaluate health professionals' agreement with components of published diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in order to guide the development of standard diagnostic guidelines for Australia.

October 25, 2012

There has been increasing interest in the influence of diet on cognition in the elderly. This study examined the cross-sectional association between dietary patterns and cognition in a sample of 249 people aged 65-90 years with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

October 16, 2012

The objective was to quantitate the IgE titres to Der p 15 and Der p 18 and evaluate their importance in human HDM sensitisation compared to the known major and mid-tier allergens.

October 15, 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of breastfeeding duration and food variety at 2 years of age

October 1, 2012

In healthy individuals, deep inspirations (DIs) taken prior to a bronchial challenge reduce the bronchoconstrictor response, which is termed "bronchoprotection".

October 1, 2012

This study aimed to explore the factors that predict functioning in families with a child with Down syndrome using a mixed methods design.

October 1, 2012

Pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx is especially common in young children and is a pre-requisite for pneumococcal disease. Those with immunosuppression, such as HIV, are at higher risk of colonization and disease, especially at older ages.

October 1, 2012

A bivalent, recombinant, factor H-binding protein (rLP2086) vaccine was developed to protect against invasive Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MnB) in children and adolescents.

October 1, 2012

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is fatal if untreated, and there are no vaccines for this disease. High levels of CD4-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the presence of low levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) predicts vaccine success. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is also important in this process.

October 1, 2012

In this review, we evaluate the published methodologies to describe a noninvasive technique for the quantitative assessment of umbilical venous blood flow in the human fetus.

October 1, 2012

The object of this work was to estimate the prevalence of major birth defects diagnosed by 6 years of age in all births and terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly conceived by assisted reproductive technology (when this included intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization [IVF]) and the remainder of nonassisted reproductive technology-conceived children born in Western Australia from 1994 to 2002.

October 1, 2012

Disability in adults with low back pain (LBP) is associated with negative back pain beliefs (BPBs). Adult BPBs can be positively influenced with education, resulting in reduced LBP disability. By late adolescence, the prevalence of LBP reaches adult levels.

October 1, 2012

We aimed to ascertain the fit of the European Respiratory Society Global Lung Initiative 2012 reference ranges to contemporary Australasian spirometric data.

October 1, 2012

We report the first genome-wide association study on Barrett's esophagus, comprising 1,852 UK cases and 5,172 UK controls in the discovery stage and 5,986 cases and 12,825 controls in the replication stage.

September 26, 2012

In male mice, UVR-induced 25(OH)D3 is not essential for mediating the immunosuppressive effects of erythemal UVR.

September 21, 2012

Despite an effective vaccine, measles remains a major health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. More than 30% of children show primary vaccine failure and therefore remain vulnerable to measles.

September 21, 2012

Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is thought to exacerbate many pre-existing respiratory diseases, including asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, however, there is a paucity of data on whether DEP exacerbates illness due to respiratory viral infection. To assess the physiological consequences of an acute DEP exposure during the peak of influenza-induced illness.

September 21, 2012

Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of meningitis and septicaemia, but a broadly-protective vaccine against endemic serogroup B disease is not licensed and available.

September 14, 2012

In this study we utilised reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to identify the most appropriate EC reference genes for the accurate normalisation of miRNA expression data in primary human MB specimens and neural stem cells.

September 13, 2012

Measurements of maximal voluntary inspiratory (Pi max) and expiratory (Pe max) pressures are used in the management of respiratory muscle disease. There is little data on the appropriate reference range, success rates, or repeatability of Pi max and Pe max in children or on methodological factors affecting test outcomes.

September 13, 2012

Genotyping has become more cost-effective and less invasive with the use of buccal cell sampling. However, low or fragmented DNA yields from buccal cells collected using FTA cards often requires additional whole genome amplification to produce sufficient DNA for genotyping.

September 10, 2012

The burden of mental health problems among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children is a major public health problem in Australia. While socioeconomic factors are implicated as important determinants of mental health problems in mainstream populations, their bearing on the mental health of Indigenous Australians remains largely uncharted across all age groups

September 9, 2012

Barrett's esophagus is an increasingly common disease that is strongly associated with reflux of stomach acid and usually a hiatus hernia, and it strongly predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a tumor with a very poor prognosis.

September 6, 2012

Allergic inflammation is commonly observed in a number of conditions that are associated with atopy including asthma, eczema and rhinitis. However, the genetic, environmental or epigenetic factors involved in these conditions are likely to be different.

September 1, 2012

Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity has been linked with an increased risk for negative emotionality and inattentiveness in offspring in early childhood.

September 1, 2012

Quality of life (QOL) is the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced in life, and embraces emotional well-being, physical health, economic and living circumstances, and work satisfaction.

September 1, 2012

Early child development may have important consequences for inequalities in health and well-being. This paper explores population level patterns of child development across Australian jurisdictions, considering socioeconomic and demographic characteristics.

September 1, 2012

Environmental factors including excessive caloric intake lead to disordered lipid metabolism and fatty liver disease (FLD). However, FLD demonstrates heritability suggesting genetic factors are also important.

September 1, 2012

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) occurring in the first year of life is rare, accounting for 2-5% of pediatric ALL cases.

September 1, 2012

Brain tumors presenting in infancy, especially during the first 6 months of life, are often very large and highly vascular. It is generally accepted that gross total resection of the tumor affords the best outcome to the patient.

September 1, 2012

Multiplex ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) has become available for the detection of a large deletion on the MECP2 gene allowing genetic confirmation of previously unconfirmed cases of clinical Rett syndrome.

September 1, 2012

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease that is unresponsive to current therapies and characterized by excessive collagen deposition and subsequent fibrosis.

August 28, 2012

ED data can give an insight into the out-of-hospital burden of ALRI. Presentation rates to ED for ALRI were high, but are minimum estimates due to current limitations of the ED datasets.

August 20, 2012

The aim of this study was to measure umbilical blood androgen concentrations in a birth cohort using a highly specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay and assesses the effects of sex, labor, and gestational age on fetal androgen levels at birth.

August 13, 2012

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been successful at identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highly associated with common traits; however, a great deal of the heritable variation associated with common traits remains unaccounted for within the genome.

August 6, 2012

Globally, ARF and RHD cause more than a quarter of a million deaths and substantial disability each year. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people bear the greatest burden of disease.

August 2, 2012

Given that the transcriptional regulatory activity of estrogen receptor (ER) is modulated by its biochemical cofactors, genetic variation within the ER cofactor genes may alter cellular response to estrogen exposure and consequently modify the risk for endometrial cancer.

August 1, 2012

Maternal fish oil supplementation during pregnancy has been associated with altered infant immune responses and a reduced risk of infant sensitization and eczema.

August 1, 2012

Inflammatory mediators from peripheral tissues may control dendritic cell (DC) development in the bone marrow. In this study, DCs (CD11c + cells) differentiated from the bone marrow of mice with inflammation of the airways, or the peritoneal cavity had poor priming ability resulting in reduced, long-lived responses to that antigen in vivo.

August 1, 2012

HDM allergy is associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. In many countries childhood asthma is predominantly found in HDM-allergic children with their probability of developing disease being proportional to their IgE antibody titers and the early development of Th2 responses.

August 1, 2012

Chromosome 6q26-27 is linked to susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil and Sudan. DLL1 encoding the Delta-like 1 ligand for Notch 3 was implicated as the etiological gene. DLL1 belongs to the family of Notch ligands known to selectively drive antigen-specific CD4 T helper 1 cell responses, which are important in protective immune response in leishmaniasis.

August 1, 2012

A pooled analysis of randomized trials was conducted on 1,257 toddlers who received a different combination of vaccines.

August 1, 2012

August 1, 2012

Language is a robust developmental phenomenon, characterised by rapid and prodigious growth and change in the first 3 years of life. It is a universal capability that is acquired effortlessly by most children.

August 1, 2012

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of aggressive behaviour scores on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors throughout childhood.

August 1, 2012

The objective was to assess the glucagon response to hypoglycemia and identify influencing factors in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with nondiabetic control subjects

July 31, 2012

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are often linked to respiratory infections. However, it is unknown if COPD patients who experience frequent exacerbations have impaired humoral immunity. The aim of this study was to determine if antibodies specific for common respiratory pathogens are associated with AECOPD.

July 23, 2012

The Australian Private Health Insurance Incentive (PHII) policy reforms implemented in 1997-2000 increased PHI membership in Australia by 50%.

July 11, 2012

More than 50% of allergic patients have house dust mite (HDM) allergy. Group 1 and 2 allergens are the major HDM allergens. We sought to produce and perform preclinical characterization of a recombinant hypoallergenic combination vaccine for specific immunotherapy of HDM allergy.

July 5, 2012

Multiple sclerosis is rare in tropical areas, but quite common in developed countries. Hence, latitude has been accepted as a causal factor for prevalence of multiple sclerosis. However, developed countries have also strong economic power, which may be measured by real gross domestic product per capita.

July 2, 2012

Statistical time series derived from administrative data sets form key indicators in measuring progress in addressing disadvantage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia. However, inconsistencies in the reporting of Indigenous status can cause difficulties in producing reliable indicators.

July 1, 2012

In the Phase III PATRICIA study (NCT00122681), the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine (Cervarix ®, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) was highly efficacious against HPV-16/18 infections and precancerous lesions in women HPV-16/18 deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) negative and seronegative at baseline.

July 1, 2012

Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) commonly result in fatal outcomes in the young children of Papua New Guinea (PNG). However, comprehensive studies of the viral aetiology of ALRI have not been conducted in PNG for almost 30 years.

July 1, 2012

July 1, 2012

Preliminary evidence suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may be associated with language delay. However, no study has examined a large sample of children at multiple time-points.

July 1, 2012

Early nutrition in infancy may influence later child health outcomes including overweight through 'programming'. Systematic reviews suggest that breastfeeding is associated with a modest reduction in the risk of later overweight and obesity. This commentary explores some of these mechanisms behind this association. Generally breastfed infants are leaner than artificially (formula)-fed infants and behavioural and hormonal mechanisms may explain this difference.

July 1, 2012

In this article, we analyzed blood glucose profiles following a full 2-h insulin suspension activated by the LGS function, as well as examined different patterns of use among patients.

July 1, 2012

Prediction bias in spirometry reference equations can arise from combining equations for different age groups, rounding age or height to integers or using self-reported height.

July 1, 2012

A testimonial about Jean Golding's achievements in paediatric epidemiology

July 1, 2012

In adults, the unpredictability of voriconazole pharmacokinetics, particularly in those patients receiving chemotherapy, is well recognised. A paucity of data exists.

July 1, 2012

Human rhinovirus (HRV) species C (HRV-C) have been associated with frequent and severe acute lower respiratory infections and asthma in hospitalized children.

July 1, 2012

Leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous (CL) and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis. In the mouse, Fli1 was identified as a gene influencing enhanced wound healing and resistance to CL caused by Leishmania major. Polymorphism at FLI1 is associated with CL caused by L. braziliensis in humans, with an inverse association observed for ML disease.

July 1, 2012

The hallmarks of many haematological malignancies and solid tumours are chromosomal translocations, which may lead to gene fusions. Recently, next-generation sequencing techniques at the transcriptome level (RNA-Seq) have been used to verify known and discover novel transcribed gene fusions.

June 30, 2012

Interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing due to their specific physico-chemical characteristics. Ultrafine particles are those with an aerodynamic diameter of. <. 0.1. μm and are also commonly know as nanoparticles (0.1. μm. =. 100. nm).

June 21, 2012

We investigated the effect of neighborhood greenness on both self-reported and hospital admissions of coronary heart disease or stroke, accounting for ambient air quality, socio-demographic, behavioral and biological factors.

June 19, 2012

June 15, 2012

The aim of this study was to validate a model for optimal birth weight derived from neonatal records, and to test the assumption that preterm births may be considered optimally grown if they are not exposed to common factors that perturb fetal growth.

June 15, 2012

Childhood brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children; their risk factors are still largely unknown. We investigated the association between childhood brain tumors and parental occupational exposure to engine exhausts in an Australian population-based case-control study.

June 14, 2012

Despite the availability of five guidelines for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), there is no national endorsement for their use in diagnosis in Australia. In this study we aimed to describe health professionals' perceptions about the adoption of existing guidelines for the diagnosis of FASD in Australia and identify implications for the development of national guidelines.

June 12, 2012

The anti-inflammatory peptide, adrenomedullin (AM), and its cognate receptor are expressed in lung tissue, but its pathophysiological significance in airway inflammation is unknown.

June 8, 2012

This research aimed to (i) validate a new measure of mood intolerance, the Tolerance of Mood States (TOMS) scale, and (ii) to examine associations between TOMS scores and eating pathology.

June 1, 2012

Cross-sectional studies implicate neutrophilic inflammation and pulmonary infection as risk factors for early structural lung disease in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the longitudinal progression in a newborn screened population has not been investigated.

June 1, 2012

Nanoparticle research is currently an area of considerable interest due to the potential applications both in industry and medicine. In addition, there is increasing recognition of the potential health dangers of enviornmental exposure to nanoparticles. We muat not fall for the trap of assuming that technologies developed for and assessed in adults can be applied to children wihtout addressing the peculiarities of this age group.

June 1, 2012

Cross-sectional studies implicate neutrophilic inflammation and pulmonary infection as risk factors for early structural lung disease in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the longitudinal progression in a newborn screened population has not been investigated.

June 1, 2012

The current literature suggests that intervention to ensure adequate vitamin D levels during both pregnancy and childhood may reduce the development of atopy and asthma in children. However, important questions need to be answered regarding the levels of vitamin D required, which may vary between the sexes and between individuals, and the optimal timing and duration of such intervention.

June 1, 2012

The clinically significant actions of oral azithromycin in modifying progressive cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease have been well documented.

June 1, 2012

The anti-inflammatory actions of IL-4 in activated human monocytes may reflect transcriptional regulation of genes involved in TLR signaling pathways. Tailored gene arrays were conducted to profile the expression of 84 genes central to TLR-mediated signal transduction in human monocytes treated with the TLR4 ligand, LPS, with or without IL-4.

June 1, 2012

Measles virus causes severe morbidity and mortality, despite the availability of measles vaccines. Successful defence against viral pathogens requires early recognition of virus-specific patterns by innate receptors like Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and the RNA helicase, retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I).

June 1, 2012

Birth weight and childhood adiposity are associated with subsequent cardiovascular risk. We investigated the associations between metabolic clusters in young adults with body fat distribution from early childhood, focusing on sex differences.

June 1, 2012

Nanoparticles have unique physico-chemical properties compared to larger particles that have the potential to provide promising new possibilities for biomedical applications.

June 1, 2012

This review examines the evidence that circulating vitamin D levels provide a surrogate measure of sun exposure and that it is the other molecules and pathways induced by sun exposure, rather than vitamin D-driven processes, that explain many of the benefits often attributed to vitamin D.

June 1, 2012

In the 1990s pneumonia hospitalisation rates in Western Australia (WA) were 13 times higher in Indigenous children than in non-Indigenous children. Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in Indigenous children declined following the introduction in 2001 of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV) in a 2–4–6 month schedule with an 18-month pneumococcal polysaccharide booster (PPV).

June 1, 2012

The objective of this study was to estimate the overall and cause specific mortality of Aboriginal offenders in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The study cohort consisted of all Aboriginal men and women aged 18 years and older who had experienced full-time imprisonment in NSW between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 2002.

June 1, 2012

Here we investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in major regulators of these processes to susceptibility to schizophrenia and to CD in patients. We examine variation in genes encoding proteins at the gateway of Reelin signaling: ligands RELN and APOE, their common receptors APOER2 and VLDLR, and adaptor DAB1.

May 23, 2012

Studies addressing the ontogeny of the innate immune system in early life have reported mainly on Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses in infants living in high-income countries, with little or even no information on other pattern recognition receptors or on early life innate immune responses in children living under very different environmental conditions in less-developed parts of the world.

May 23, 2012

Complement is an important part of the immune system. It is initiated through three different pathways known as the classical, lectin, and alternative pathway.

May 9, 2012

The objective was to investigate the association between heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and stillbirth.

May 9, 2012

The objective was to investigate the association between heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and stillbirth. The exposed cohort included mothers with an alcohol-related diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, ninth/tenth revisions) recorded in health data sets and all their offspring born in WA (1983-2007).

May 6, 2012

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B is a major cause of invasive meningococcal disease, but a broadly protective vaccine is not currently licensed. A bivalent recombinant factor H-binding protein vaccine (recombinant lipoprotein 2086) has been developed to provide broad coverage against diverse invasive meningococcus serogroup B strains. Our aim was to test the immune response of this vaccine.

May 4, 2012

Prospective birth cohort studies tracking asthma initiation and consolidation in community cohorts have identified viral infections occurring against a background of allergic sensitization to aeroallergens as a uniquely potent risk factor for the expression of acute severe asthma-like symptoms and for the ensuing development of asthma that can persist through childhood and into adulthood.

May 1, 2012

Previous studies of pulmonary diffusing capacity in children differed greatly in methodologies; numbers of subjects evaluated, and were performed prior to the latest ATS/ ERS guidelines.

May 1, 2012

A hallmark of atopic asthma is development of chronic airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR) that persists in the face of ongoing exposure to perennial aeroallergens.

May 1, 2012

Recently, an established "small macrophage" phenotype has been observed in the sputum of patients with CF and COPD. However, little is known about the prevalence of this phenotype in the airways of young children.

May 1, 2012

We looked for respiratory viruses in a population-based sample of healthy adults with influenza-like illness (ILI). We investigated host and spatio-temporal associations with virus isolation and host, spatio-temporal and virus associations with self-reported symptoms.

May 1, 2012

Despite the availability of measles vaccines, infants continue to die from measles. Measles vaccine responses vary between individuals, and poor immunogenicity is likely to preclude protection against measles.

May 1, 2012

In this study, we assessed cerebral lateralization for language production and for visuospatial memory using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound in a group of 60 typically developing children between the ages of six and 16 years.

May 1, 2012

An Australian study of childhood leukaemia (Aus-ALL) previously reported that control participation was positively associated with socio-economic status (SES). A similar study of childhood brain tumours (Aus-CBT) was carried out 4 years later, and this paper compares control participation and its relationship with SES in the two studies.

May 1, 2012

The authors previously reported an increased risk of hospitalisation for acute lower respiratory infection up to age 2 years in children delivered by elective caesarean section. In view of increasing rates of elective caesarean delivery, this association warranted further investigation.

May 1, 2012

Evaluation of the social and economic outcomes of health research funding is an area of intense interest and debate. Typically, approaches have sought to assess the impact of research funding by medical charities or regional government bodies. Independent research institutes have a similar need for accountability in investment decisions but have different objectives and funding, thus the existing approaches are not appropriate.

May 1, 2012

Comment reply

May 1, 2012

We examined the relationship between the onset and pattern of childhood mental health disorders and subsequent current smoking status at age 17 years.

May 1, 2012

The objective of the study was to examine the influence of anxious/depressed scores on cardiovascular risk factors throughout childhood.

April 30, 2012

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of lesbian, gay and transgender families accessing health care for their children.

April 30, 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns of attendance at School Dental Service (SDS) and reasons for attendance (treatment or prevention) for children in the Perth Metropolitan Area, in particular investigating the first year of SDS attendance and attendance until the year the child turned 12.

April 26, 2012

It has been suggested that otitis-prone children have an impaired antibody response.

April 23, 2012

Family Functioning in Families with a Child with Down syndrome: A Mixed Methods Approach

April 20, 2012

The objective of this study was to describe overall and type-specific cancer incidence and mortality trends among AYAs in Western Australia from 1982-2007.

April 13, 2012

We analyzed data from two large-scale population-based epidemiological surveys and found that while smoking rates were highest in people with mood disorders who also had other substance dependence disorders, rates of smoking in people with mood disorders and no substance dependence disorders were still significantly elevated above population smoking rates.

April 12, 2012

Information is accumulating which implicates airway inflammation resulting from respiratory viral infections, acting against a background of atopy, in both the cause and pathogenesis of atopic asthma.

April 11, 2012

The primary objective of this study was to report on the occurrence of mental health difficulties for a large national sample of Australian fathers of children aged 0-5 years (n = 3,471). Secondary objectives were to compare fathers' mental health against normative data for the general male adult population, and to examine the course of mental health problems for fathers across the early childhood period.

April 4, 2012

Endocrine disruptor chemicals elicit adverse health effects by perturbing nuclear receptor signalling systems. It has been speculated that these compounds may also perturb epigenetic mechanisms and thus contribute to the early origin of adult onset disease.

April 3, 2012

April 1, 2012

Infants who develop house dust mite (HDM) allergy and HDM-sensitised children with severe persistent asthma have low antibody responses to the P6 antigen of Haemophilus influenzae.

April 1, 2012

Severe viral respiratory illnesses and atopy are risk factors for childhood wheezing and asthma. The aim of this study was to explore associations between severe respiratory infections and atopy in early childhood with wheeze and asthma persisting into later childhood.

April 1, 2012

The purpose of this review was to describe literature relating to transition for young people with an intellectual disability and identify gaps within the current knowledge base.

April 1, 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the behavioural sequelae for children born at this early term gestational age compared with those born at later weeks.

April 1, 2012

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the knowledge of past asbestos exposure on psychosocial health.

April 1, 2012

This study examines whether the short-term use of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) can reduce the fear of hypoglycaemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

April 1, 2012

There has been widespread international concern about declining fertility rates and the long-term negative consequences particularly for industrialised countries with ageing populations. In an attempt to boost fertility rates, the Australian Government introduced a maternity payment known as the Baby Bonus. However, major concerns have been raised that such monetary incentives would attract teenagers and socially disadvantaged groups.

April 1, 2012

Recent evidence points to partially shared genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders. We examined risk of intellectual disability and other neuropsychiatric outcomes in 3174 children of mothers with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or unipolar major depression compared with 3129 children of unaffected mothers.

March 29, 2012

An existing randomised controlled trial was used to investigate whether multiple ultrasound scans may be associated with the autism phenotype.

March 28, 2012

Unambiguous identification of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is not possible by conventional microbiology. Molecular characterisation of phenotypically defined NTHi isolates suggests that up to 40% are Haemophilus haemolyticus (Hh); however, the genetic similarity of NTHi and Hh limits the power of simple molecular techniques such as PCR for species discrimination.

March 22, 2012

Neonatal Innate immunity is distinct compared with later ages with some inflammatory cytokines produced in excess of adult levels in response to microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

March 20, 2012

Children account for approximately half of the humanitarian refugees currently resettled in Australia. A multidisciplinary refugee health clinic (RHC) was established at the tertiary paediatric hospital in Western Australia to address burgeoning referrals of refugee children following voluntary post-resettlement health assessment.

March 20, 2012

Children account for approximately half of the humanitarian refugees currently resettled in Australia. A multidisciplinary refugee health clinic (RHC) was established at the tertiary paediatric hospital in Western Australia to address burgeoning referrals of refugee children following voluntary post-resettlement health assessment.

March 3, 2012

In this note we briefly outline our recent experience with paediatric refugee screening in Western Australia (WA) based on the frameworks outlined previously in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.

March 2, 2012

Cross-protection by seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) against pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 (now known as A[H1N1]pdm09) infection is controversial; and the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines has important health-policy implications.

March 1, 2012

"It's not what you were expecting, but it's still a beautiful journey": the experience of mothers of children with Down syndrome

March 1, 2012

Successful defence against viral pathogens requires the rapid recognition of virus-specific "danger signals" and the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8 play a critical role in the elimination of viruses by recognising the common viral component, single stranded (ss)RNA.

March 1, 2012

The aim was to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes for Australian-born women with gestational diabetes mellitus with those of culturally and linguistically diverse and non-culturally and linguistically diverse foreign-born women with gestational diabetes.

March 1, 2012

The objective was to determine the association between maternal serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations during a critical window of fetal neurodevelopment and behavioral, emotional, and language outcomes of offspring.

March 1, 2012

The current study analyzed the relationships among maternal empathy (emotional and cognitive), parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others, child cognitive empathy and child prosocial behaviour.

March 1, 2012

Environmental changes, including declining microbial exposure, have been linked with the rising incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in 'western' populations. This potentially occurs by altering early development of immuno-regulatory pathways including T regulatory cells (T reg). There is now increasing evidence that such conditioning begins in utero.

March 1, 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between heavy maternal alcohol consumption and pre- peri- and postneonatally acquired cerebral palsy (CP).

March 1, 2012

Evidence that intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may modify blood pressure (BP) is generally limited to middle-aged or hypertensive populations. This study examined cross-sectional associations between BP and dietary intake of PUFAs in 814 adolescents aged 13-15 years participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study.

March 1, 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization in early life and the subsequent development of pneumococcal-specific T cell responses.

March 1, 2012

The current study sought to determine whether hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia) are associated with neurocognitive outcomes in middle childhood.

March 1, 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal alcohol use disorder and intellectual disability in children. Maternal alcohol use disorder is the leading known risk factor for intellectual disability with no identified genetic origin.

March 1, 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the intrinsic accuracy per se of CGMs also improves in the low glucose range if multiple calibrations are performed at different and low glucose concentrations in vitro.

March 1, 2012

The aim of the study was to assess health professionals' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents accessing health care for their children.

March 1, 2012

The lack of consensus about whether low to moderate levels of prenatal alcohol exposure are a risk factor for fetal development has generated considerable debate about what advice policies and guidelines should provide.

March 1, 2012

March 1, 2012

Otitis media (OM) is a common disease in early childhood characterized by inflammation of the middle ear cavity. Heritability studies suggest that there is a substantial genetic component (40%-70%) to the risk of recurrent acute OM, defined as three or more episodes in 6 months or four or more episodes in a year, or chronic OM with effusion (COME), defined as middle ear fluid for ≥3 months.

February 27, 2012

Immune responses to vaccines in infants and young children are typically Th2-biased, giving rise to concerns regarding potential atopy-like side effects, and antagonism of Th1-associated sterilising immunity.

February 26, 2012

The aim of this paper was to describe the meaning of wellbeing for children and youth with disabilities from their perspective. Twenty children and young people with a range of disabilities including, cerebral palsy, autism, Aspergers syndrome, Down syndrome, mild to moderate intellectual disability and vision impairment, participated in five focus groups and one interview.

February 25, 2012

We explored trends in six developed countries in three types of indicators of child maltreatment for children younger than 11 years, since the inception of modern child protection systems in the 1970s.

February 13, 2012

To determine the association between maternal serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations during a critical window of fetal neurodevelopment and behavioral, emotional, and language outcomes of offspring.

February 6, 2012

The objective of this study was to assess whether emergency department (ED) overcrowding was reduced after the introduction of the 4-hour rule in Western Australia and whether any changes in overcrowding were associated with significant changes in patient mortality rates

February 2, 2012

There is debate regarding the relationship between autism and specific language impairment (SLI), with some researchers proposing aetiological overlap between the conditions and others maintaining their aetiological distinction. This paper reviews relevant literature on whether individuals with SLI exhibit cognitive characteristics reminiscent of autism.

February 1, 2012

There is debate as to whether vitamin D deficiency contributes towards the extent of the asthma epidemic. In this study, using a mouse model, we determined whether vitamin D deficiency in utero and during early life modulated the severity of asthma.

February 1, 2012

Nanoparticles are being developed for diverse biomedical applications, but there is concern about their potential to promote inflammation, particularly in the lung.

February 1, 2012

Presymptomatic immaturity in neonatal T-cell function is a consistent antecedent of allergic disease, including reduced responsiveness to polyclonal activation.

February 1, 2012

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disorder usually associated with a mutation in the MECP2 gene. Conductive Education (CE) is an educational approach that has not yet been explored with regard to children with RTT. Assessing functional abilities of individuals with RTT due to CE intervention.

February 1, 2012

The current study sought to further investigate the relations between maternal language input, memory for false sentential complements, cognitive flexibility, and the development of explicit false belief understanding in 91 English-speaking typically developing children (M age=61.3months) and 30 children with specific language impairment (M age=63.0months).

February 1, 2012

The objective was to determine whether common perinatal complications could explain variation in risk of cesarean among foreign-born and Australian-born women in Western Australia (WA

February 1, 2012

MYCN amplification is a major biomarker of poor prognosis, occurring in 25-30% of neuroblastomas. MYCN has contradictory roles in promoting cell growth and sensitizing cells to apoptosis

January 26, 2012

Preliminary evidence suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may be associated with language delay. However, no study has examined a large sample of children at multiple time-points.

January 26, 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the dual-pathway, original cognitive-behavioural, and enhanced "transdiagnostic" cognitive-behavioural models of binge eating, using prospective data from a pre-adolescent sample.

January 23, 2012

Exacerbations are responsible for a substantial burden of morbidity and health care use in children with asthma. Most asthma exacerbations are triggered by viral infections; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been systematically investigated.

January 3, 2012

We describe a case of an 8 year old girl with central precocious puberty. She was commenced on 3 monthly intramuscular depot Leuprorelin acetate therapy, as a result of which she developed sterile abscesses. She was converted to daily subcutaneous Leuprorelin acetate therapy with no recurrence of the abscesses. The possible mechanisms for this reaction are described in the article.

January 1, 2012

The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular networks that underpin virus-induced exacerbations in asthmatic children in vivo.

January 1, 2012

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of viral respiratory infection (VRI) on treatment response in acute asthma in children

January 1, 2012

Innate properties that enhance immune responses might increase the propensity of certain allergens to induce allergic sensitization. Either a direct adjuvant effect or the increased immune response to the allergen could then increase allergic responses to bystander antigens.

January 1, 2012

In this review, we have examined the role of lung function testing in infants and preschool children with CF.

January 1, 2012

Using micro-array technology we show that multiple genes important for immune surveillance are significantly over expressed in purified AEC-conditioned DC, compared to control DC. In particular, AEC-conditioned DC showed selective upregulation of chemokines that recruit Th1 cells, but minimal change in chemokines linked to Th2 cell recruitment.

January 1, 2012

Vaccines including conserved antigens from Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) have the potential to reduce the burden of acute otitis media. Little is known about the antibody response to such antigens in young children with recurrent acute otitis media, however, it has been suggested antibody production may be impaired in these children.

January 1, 2012

Characterization of regulatory immune pathways is a research priority for both the pathogenesis of allergic disease and potential therapeutic strategies.

January 1, 2012

The aim was to characterise fetal brain growth in children with specific language impairment (SLI). A nested case-control study was set in Perth, Western Australia. Thirty children meeting criteria for SLI at age 10 years were individually matched with a typically developing comparison child on sex, non-verbal ability, fetal gestational age, maternal age at conception, smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy.

January 1, 2012

The purpose of this study was to describe qualitatively the experience of parenting for mothers of a child with Down syndrome and to explore what if any was the role of spirituality and organized religion in this experience.

January 1, 2012

Histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) is implicated in the onset of preterm labor and delivery. Chorioamnionitis is a known risk factor for early-onset sepsis and may modulate postnatal immunity. Preterm infants are at greatly increased risk of late-onset sepsis (LOS), particularly with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), but the impact of HCA on the risk of LOS is unknown.

January 1, 2012

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN2+) is the surrogate endpoint used in licensure trials of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Vaccine efficacy against CIN3+, the immediate precursor to invasive cervical cancer, is more difficult to measure because of its lower incidence, but provides the most stringent evidence of potential cancer prevention.

January 1, 2012

We evaluated the efficacy of the human papillomavirus HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types in the end-of-study analysis after 4 years of follow-up in PATRICIA (PApilloma TRIal against Cancer In young Adults).

January 1, 2012

There are no effective vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected parasitic disease second only to malaria in global mortality. We previously identified 14 protective candidates in a screen of 100 Leishmania antigens as DNA vaccines in mice. Here we employ whole blood assays to evaluate human cytokine responses to 11 of these antigens, in comparison to known defined and crude antigen preparations.

January 1, 2012

We sought to investigate seasonal variation in fetal growth, accounting for important sociodemographic, biological, and environmental exposures. Records of births 1998 through 2006 in Perth, Western Australia were obtained (N = 147,357).

January 1, 2012

Women who are breastfeeding have increased requirements for energy and nutrients. Nutritional requirements for lactation have been the subject of several international reports and are included in general nutrient requirements documents, including those of the USA, Australia, European Union and WHO.

January 1, 2012

To assess the effectiveness of alcohol documentation and to measure the knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice of health practitioners in relation to asking about alcohol use in pregnancy.

January 1, 2012

Obesity has origins extending to antenatal and early postnatal periods; however, the relationship between early postnatal diet and subsequent obesity is not well defined

January 1, 2012

The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children is used to examine the associations between playgroup participation and the outcomes for children aged four to five years.

January 1, 2012

Good language development is an integral component of school readiness and academic achievement. It is also a key facilitator of the social skills that optimise an individual's capability to participate at the social, economic and civic level.

January 1, 2012

Independent studies have shown that candidate genes for dyslexia and specific language impairment (SLI) impact upon reading/language-specific traits in the general population. To further explore the effect of disorder-associated genes on cognitive functions, we investigated whether they play a role in broader cognitive traits.

January 1, 2012

We report the first case of an anaphylactic reaction to Reandron 1000 (depot testosterone undecanoate with a castor oil and benzyl benzoate vehicle). Doctors should be alert to the potential for serious reactions to any of the components of Reandron 1000.

January 1, 2012

In girls and women with Rett syndrome, we assessed the accuracy of the StepWatch Activity Monitor™ and investigated relationships between daily step counts, gross motor skills and age.

January 1, 2012

The pattern of association between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes has primarily depicted better health for those who are higher in the social hierarchy.

January 1, 2012

The upper airway shunt attenuates measurements of respiratory system impedance (Zrs), with greater impact in young children. Changes in respiratory system admittance, Ars (or Zrs-1), are theoretically independent of the shunt.

January 1, 2012

The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of child maltreatment-related emergency department (ED) presentations in Western Australia (WA) and describe the type of injuries associated with them. It is also to investigate the proportion of maltreatment-related ED presentations resulting in hospitalisation, the proportion referred to the Department for Child Protection and their outcomes.

January 1, 2012

Observation of identical genetic changes in leukemia cells from monozygotic twin pairs has provided evidence for the in utero single clonal origin hypothesis of leukemia, with intraplacental metastasis the basis for concordance. Investigation of this rare mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) cytogenetic abnormality aims to provide further evidence of the genetic changes that underpin this aggressive form of leukemia in infants.

January 1, 2012

The association between parental smoking and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated in an Australian population-based case-control study that included 388 cases and 868 controls aged <15 years, recruited from 2003 to 2006.

January 1, 2012

Few empirical studies have specifically examined the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health in Indigenous populations of Australia. We sought to provide insights into the nature of this relationship by examining socio-economic disparities in physical health outcomes among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Western Australia.

January 1, 2012

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses affecting a significant proportion of women and a smaller number of men. Approximately half of those with an eating disorder (ED) will not meet the criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa, and will be diagnosed with an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS).

January 1, 2012

The goal of the current study was to investigate asthma and mental health among youth in the community, and to consider the role of asthma severity and persistance in this link.

January 1, 2012

Otitis media (OM) is a common childhood disease characterised by middle ear inflammation and effusion. Susceptibility to recurrent acute OM (rAOM; ≥3 episodes of AOM in 6 months) and chronic OM with effusion (COME; MEE ≥3 months) is 40-70% heritable. Few underlying genes have been identified to date, and no genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OM has been reported.

January 1, 2012

Otitis media (OM) is a common childhood disease characterised by middle ear inflammation and effusion. Susceptibility to recurrent acute OM and chronic OM with effusion is 40-70% heritable. Few underlying genes have been identified to date, and no genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OM has been reported.

January 1, 2012

N-linked oligosaccharides are complex non-template-derived structures that are attached to the side chains of asparagine, via the nitrogen atom. Specific changes in the N-glycans of serum glycoproteins have been associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases.

January 1, 2012

In this study we have assessed the ability of two TAT-fused peptides PYC36D-TAT and JNKI-1 D-TAT (JNKI-1 or XG-102), which respectively inhibit jun proto-oncogene (c-Jun) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, to reduce infarct volume and improve functional outcome (adhesive tape removal) following permanent focal cerebral ischemia/pMCAO in Sprague Dawley rats

December 25, 2011

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a commonly occurring chronic skin disease with high heritability. Apart from filaggrin (FLG), the genes influencing atopic dermatitis are largely unknown.

July 22, 2011

Exploring women's alcohol consumption in pregnancy, and potential predictors of alcohol consumption in pregnancy including: demographic characteristics; and women's knowledge and attitudes regarding alcohol consumption in pregnancy and its effects on the fetus.

Dietary changes may epigenetically modify fetal gene expression during critical periods of development to potentially influence disease susceptibility. This study examined whether maternal and/or fetal folate status in pregnancy is associated with infant allergic outcomes.

Nocturnal hypoglycemia is a significant problem for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia is blunted in both patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy subjects during sleep. It is not known whether the threshold for arousal from sleep is also modified by hypoglycemia.

The diagnosis of a rare disorder is dependent on the clinician's particular knowledge and experience, and can be challenging when the presentation of the disorder is variable.

Rett syndrome is a rare neurological disorder affecting girls and usually caused by a mutation on the MECP2 gene. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 girls are born every year in China with Rett syndrome but far fewer have received a diagnosis.

The aim was to document the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) hospitalisations in Western Australian children by linking population-based laboratory data with hospital morbidity data.

Maternal dietary intake of folate and vitamins b6 and B12 during pregnancy and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Evaluation of a group parenting programme in the Northern Territory of Australia showed significant differences in benefits for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal boys and girls.